
CotPghtN H 2- 



CDElfRIGHT DEPOSIT. 




Malacas and Maganaa 



Stories of Long Ago 

in the 

Philippines 

By ■ 
Dudley Odell McGovney 

A.M. Harvard University; LL.B. Columbia University 

Dean of the College of Law in the State University of Iowa; formerly Teacher 
of History and Government in the Philippine Normal School 

Many Original Illustrations 
Revised Edition 




Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York 

World Book Company 

and Manila 
1920 



WORLD BOOK COMPANY 



THE HOUSE OF APPLIED KNOWLEDGE 
Established, 1905, by Caspar W. Hodgson 

YoNKERS-ON-HuDSON', New YORK 

2126 Prairie Avenue, Chicago 

The aim of this house is service, as ex- 
pressed in its motto, ' ' Books that Apply the 
World's Knowledge to the World's Needs." 
Its constant purpose is to bring out texts 
that will help to make real the vision of 
schools that prepare for life. World Book 
Company was founded in the Philippine 
Islands, and its first work was the making 
of a series of textbooks to meet the special 
needs of the schools of the Philippines. 
How well this was accomplished has been 
attested by the use of these books since 
1906, most of them having been readopted 
twice on five-year contracts ; many of 
them, also, have been introduced into the 
schools of other countries of the Orient. 
This particular volume is a revision of one 
of these successful books. The house takes 
satisfaction in the position that it has won 
in the Philippine Islands, and it will en- 
deavor to maintain that position through 
the continued publication of timely text- 
books of enduring worth 






JAN 30 1320 



Copyright, 1905, 1919, by World Book Company 

Registered in Philippine Islands 

All righl.t reserved 



©CU561G99 



PKEFACE 

The first edition of these little stories of early days in the 
Philippines appeared in 1905. Only original sources, 
documents, and chronicles were relied upon. The author 
availed himself of the materials in the Congressional Li- 
brary at Washington, the Lenox Library, New York, and 
the libraries of Harvard and Columbia, and the volumes 
of Blair and Eobertson, "The Philippine Islands : 1493- 
1898," which had then been published. A wide range of 
subjects for stories and episodes in the history of the 
times were culled from. The book is not a formal history 
even of the period it covers ; the children who read it are 
too young for that. Its selections are episodal and inter- 
esting at the same time that they lay down a foundation 
of facts for future reflection and serve as a stimulus to 
deeper study. A little child, who would not be reached 
by a didactic recital of the customs of early times, learns 
them readily when they are woven with historical accu- 
racy into a story like that of Malacas and Maganda. These 
two characters, of course, are the only fictitious ones in 
the book. Except for this story, the three bits of folklore 
at the beginning, and the uncertainty of ethnologists as to 
the origin of the Malays, every incident in the book is 
vouched for by contemporary accounts. 



4 Preface 

One great lesson taught by this little book, one which it 
is hoped its readers will acquire almost subconsciously, is 
the possibility of human progress. When one considers 
the advances already made in agriculture, in commerce, 
in government, in education, hope springs up of greater 
things to come. A keen sense of this progress is gained 
only by a true knowledge of former conditions. 

A nation that reflects upon its past as the period of 
glory is to be pitied. The nation in whose future we have 
hope is the one that looks back upon its past and exclaims, 
"What evils we have overcome ! What power we have 
gained for progress in the future !" 

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance in pre- 
paring the revised edition of Dr. H. Otley Beyer, Curator 
of the Philippine Museum, and of Mr. Camilo Osias, who 
was consulted with regard to all the changes and addi- 
tions made in this revision. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

The Sea and the Sky 7 

The Bird and the Bamboo ........... 8 

The Good and the Evil Spirits ......... 9 

The Wandering Malays . „ „ 11 

Malacas and Maganda 14 

The Death op Malacas ............ 18 

How Our Forefathers Lived . . . ' , . , 19 

Europe . . ' . „ „ . . .. 22 

Magellan 24 

The Victoria 38 

Naming the Islands .............. 40 

Weapons of War .41 

Legazpi and Urdaneta .48 

Tupas 51 

Urdaneta Sails East Across the Pacific ...... 57 

Legazpi and the Portuguese 60 

Learning the New Faith 61 

Manila Long Ago 63 

The First Voyage to Luzon 65 

Governor Legazpi Goes to Manila 70 

SalcEdo Punishes Cainta 73 

Exploring Luzon 74 



6 Contents 

PAGE 

Ll-MA-HONG ............. r . * * . 78 

Van Noort and Morga . ... l ......... 83 

Wild Carabaos -.90 

Crocodiles 92 

Watching for Ships 93 

The Mountain of Gold 95 

The Chinese Rebellion 98 

How Our Forefathers Learned New Things .... 102 

Strange Beliefs 106 

Law 109 

The Volcano of Taal Ill 

War with the Moros 115 

FlGUEROA v 118 

Captain Gallinato's Attack upon Jolo ....... 120 

More Raids 122 

Commerce Long Ago 125 

MAPS 

Map of the Philippine Islands and Adjacent Coasts . 10 
Map of the World, showing Magellan's Route ... 29 
Magellan's Route in the Philippines ....... 32 

Mindanao, showing Distribution of Tribes ..... 115 




STORIES OF LONG AGO 




THE SEA AND THE SKY 



A long time ago there was no land. There were 
only the sea and the sky. A bird was flying in the 
sky. It grew tired flying. It wanted something to 
rest upon. The bird was very cunning. It set the 
sea and sky to quarreling. The sea threw water up 
at the sky. The sky turned very dark and angry. 
The sea only threw its waves higher. Then the angry 
sky showered down upon the sea all the islands. 

That is how the islands came. Now the waves 
break on the shore and can never rise so high 
again. 



8 



Stories of Long Ago 




THE BIRD AND THE BAMBOO 



A great bamboo grew on one of the islands. It was 
very large around, larger than any of the others. 
The bird lit on the ground and began to peck the 
bamboo. A voice inside said, "Peck harder, peck 
harder." The bird was frightened at first, but it 
wanted to know what was inside. So it pecked and 
pecked. Still the voice said, "Peck harder, peck 



The Good and the Evil Spirits 9 

harder." At last a great crack split the bamboo 
from the bottom to the top. Out stepped a man and 
a woman. The bird was so frightened that it flew 
away. The man bowed very low to the woman, for 
they had lived in different joints of the bamboo and 
had never seen each other before. 

They were the first man and Avoman in the world. 

THE GOOD AND THE EVIL SPIRITS 

A long time ago our forefathers believed that these 
stories truly told how the islands and people were 
created. People in other lands told different stories, 
but none are any prettier. 

Our forefathers believed in several gods, or spirits. 
Some were good and others evil. It was one of the 
good spirits, they said, who planted the big bamboo 
from which the first man and woman came. An evil 
spirit, they said, became angry at a man and killed 
him with lightning. That was the first death in the 
world. Other evil spirits, they said, lived in the vol- 
canoes and threw out fire and smoke. 

Our forefathers also believed in one great God 
who rules all the world. 



The Wandering Malays 1 1 

THE WANDERING MALAYS 

We are nearly all Malays. A long time ago most of 
our forefathers lived in other islands far away. Only 
little men, called Aetas (Ah-a/tas) , then lived in these 
islands. Some Aetas were black and had curly hair ; 
we call them Negritos. Others had straight hair and 
golden brown skin; some of these still live in the 
Mindoro forests and central Mindanao. 

Some people think that onr forefathers, the 
Malays, were of two different races. We call the 
people of the first race Indonesians. The Indonesians 
probably once lived in the southern part of Asia, and 
from there they wandered to the east and to the north 
through the islands called the East Indies. Many of 
them came to the Philippines. 

The people of the second race are called Mongols. 
They once lived in central Asia. A long time ago 
their country became so dry that nothing could grow 
there, and the people had to look for better lands. 
Some of them came to southern Asia and into the East 
Indies. They mixed with the Indonesians, and thus 
a new race of people grew up who are called Malays. 

Most of our forefathers came to these islands in 



12 



Stories of Long Ago 




The landing of the Malays 

boats. Tliey loved the sea and liked to wander from 
island to island. They had large boats. A man could 
take his whole family in one boat. After saying 
goodby to his old home, he looked for a new one on 
another island. 

A family often was so large that it made a little 
village. The chief of a family was called datu. 
The datu was the ruler of the family in peace, and 
the captain of its warriors in war. 



The Wandering Malays 1 3 

The big boat that a family came in was called a 
barangay. The village was called a barangay, too, 
because our forefathers said that all the people who 
first lived in a village came there in one boat. Some- 
times friendly villages were close together, forming 
a town. The Spaniards called these villages barrios. 
Thus we see that long ago a barrio was the little vil- 
lage made by a big family. In our time people often 
move from one barrio to another, so that the people 
of a barrio belong to different families. 




14 



Stories of Long Ago 



MALACAS AND MAGANDA 



Malacas was born 
a long time ago. 
His mother said, 
"Let ns name him 
Malacas, for he will 
be a strong man." 
The father of Ma- 
lacas was a great 
datn. He lived in 
a village near a 
river. Malacas of- 
ten caught fish in 
the river. Some- 
times he dived and 
canght them in his 
hands. Sometimes 
he shot them with his bow and arrow. 

One day Malacas was paddling his little banca 
past another village. He saw a beautiful girl. She 
was coming for a jar of water. She was surprised to 
see a strange boy alone near her village. Boys could 
not go far from home because their fathers ' enemies 




Malacds and Maganda 1 5 

might catch them. When anyone was caught by an 
enemy he had to be a slave, unless his friends gave 
gold to free him. 

Malacas stopped and talked to the girl. Her name 
was Maganda, for she was very pretty. Her hair 
was black and wavy. Her teeth were white and 
shining. 

When Malacas went home he told his father about 
the beautiful girl. He said, ' l When I am old enough 
to marry, I want to marry Maganda." 

Malacas became a man. He was strong, as his 
mother had hoped. He was a brave warrior. Ma- 
ganda 's father was a great datu and a friend of the 
father of Malacas. The two datus often helped each 
other in war. Malacas saw Maganda often. She was 
always weaving pretty cloths. She was always 
happy and smiling at her work. 

Now that Malacas was a man he wanted to marry 
her. His father gave his consent and sent one of 
his warriors to Maganda's father. When the war- 
rior came to Maganda's house, he stuck his spear in 
the stairs. By this sign Maganda's father knew 
that the messenger was sent by the young man's fa- 
ther to ask for his daughter. 



16 Stories of Long Ago 

He said to the warrior, "What present will the 
father of Malacas give me % ' ' 

"Two slaves, many jewels and gold," was the 
reply. 

"It is well," said the datu. "Go tell the father 
of Malacas that it is well." 

When the warrior came back, Malacas was very 
happ3^. His father's house was made ready. The 
hunters went out for (leer and the fishers for fish. A 
great feast was prepared. 

When all was ready, the warriors went to Ma- 
ganda's house. One took her upon his shoulders. 
She was happy and laughing. Thus she came to the 
house of Malacas. Then she became very shy. She 
played that she did not want to go up the stairs. 

The father of Malacas came to the door and said, 
"Here is a pretty slave girl for you, if you will come 
up." Maganda went up for the slave ; but she would 
not go in. 

The father of Malacas said, "Here is a necklace 
for you, if you will come in. ' ' Maganda went in for 
the necklace ; but she would not sit down. 

"Here is a jewel for you, if you will sit down," 
said the father of Malacas. 



Malacds and Maganda 



17 




'• ' Here is a pretty slave girl for you.' " 

For the jewel she sat down. Then he gave her 
another jewel to make her eat and another to make 
her drink. Then she laughed and was shy no more 
and no longer was afraid. And this is the way they 
always treated the daughter of a datu when she was 
married. 



1 8 Stories of Long Ago 

An old man stood up and said to all the people, 
"Maganda marries Malacas. They are now man and 
wife. ' ' 

Malacas and Maganda stood up. An old woman 
joined their hands and laid the joined hands on a 
dish of rice. Then she threw some rice over the 
people in the house. All the people shouted, and the 
marriage was over. 

After the people had feasted, Malacas and Ma- 
ganda went to a new house to live. 

THE DEATH OF MALACAS 

You will be sorry to learn how Malacas died. He 
was very happy in his home with Maganda. He was 
strong and ggod. When his father died he became 
the datu. He was the ruler of his village. The peo- 
ple all liked him. 

Malacas wanted to make peace with all the other 
villages. He said that the people were not happy 
because there was always war between the villages. 
But another datu said, "Your father and my father 
were enemies. We cannot be friends. ' ' 

That was very foolish. But the other datu came 



How Our Forefathers Lived 19 

with his warriors and carried off: some women and 
children from the village of Malacas. What could 
Malacas do then % There were no police in those days. 
There was no government. Each datu had to defend 
himself. Malacas had to fight. 

He called all his warriors, and they went out to 
fight. All day long they fought. Malacas shot his 
arrows and threw his spear. Many of his enemies 
were killed. But one after another of his warriors 
fell by his side. At last Malacas was hit by an arrow 
and fell. His enemies bound him with ropes. He 
hoped that he would die. He said, "Kill me, for 
I do not want to be a slave." But they carried him 
away. 

Maganda was carried away, too. Malacas never 
saw her again. He did not live long. He was so sad 
that he fell sick and died. 



HOW OUR FOREFATHERS LIVED 

In those days our land was not so good a place to 
live in as it is now. There were no schools and no 
Christian churches. The laws were made by the 
datus, and the poor were often abused by the rich. 




a Tinguiane girl goats, and the chickens 

the rice and cooked the food. 



20 Stories of Long Ago 

Many poor people had no land of their own. They 
worked the fields of the wealthy people and of the 
datus, receiving food in payment. These 
poor people were serfs. They had 
houses of their own and were not slaves. 
There were a few slaves also. They 
belonged to datus and rich men, and 
they did not work in the fields, like the 
iserfs. They cared for the pigs, the 

They pounded 
The wo- 
men wove cloth to clothe the family. 

The. freemen spent the time fighting, hunting, and 
fishing. They did not wear hats. They 
wore a strip of cloth wound around the 
head. This was called a potong. They 
wore shirts lite the baro worn now. They 
did not wear trousers or pantaloons. They 
wore a long strip of cloth wound around 
the waist and between the legs. This was 
called a bahag. Their legs were bare, and 
they wore no shoes. 

The women wore little waists, and skirts A Bagebo 

girl of to-day 

which were held on by drawing them tight 




tt 



ea/ndi acundii 



How Our Forefathers Lived 21 

around the waist and tucking the ends under. The 
chiefs and freemen wore many strings of bright stones 
on their arms and legs, and some wore earrings. The 
women also wore earrings and many bracelets. 

There was no coined money. 
Rice was commonly used for 
money. G-old-dust was also 
used for money by the rich. 
Gold was washed from the 
sands of some rivers. There 
was not much of it. When a 
rich man bought something, he 
weighed out the price in gold- 
dust in a small balance. 

Some of our forefathers 
knew how to write. They used 
strange letters. Here are some 
of them. 

The letters which we use in printing English are 
called Roman letters, for they are like those used 
by the Romans in writing many centuries ago. They 
are used in printing Spanish and some other lan- 
guages of Europe. Our forefathers adopted them 
from the Spaniards, and they are now used in print- 



fa da aa fia ka 

9 * » 

hi &h ai III ki 

k ck gc hi ki 

&c do go ho ko 
&\l dtt a\i fin hi 

Some letters of Tagalog 
alphabet 



22 Stories of Long Ago 

ing the native languages, and our own old letters are 
almost forgotten. 

Our forefathers used their letters in writing only, 
for they did not know how to print. They wrote on 
bamboo and on leaves of trees. They had no books. 

Travel was usually by boat. There were no roads, 
only little paths from village to village. There were 
no horses in the Philippines. 

Houses were built of bamboo with nipa sides and 
roofs of nipa or cogon grass. A few of the best 
houses were built of boards hewn from trees, and had 
nipa roofs. Stone was never used. There was very 
little furniture in the houses. The dishes used in 
eating were made of bamboo and coconut shells. 
Only the very rich had a few China bowls and jars. 
They used the jars for keeping wine made from palm- 
tree juice, from sugar cane, or from rice. Old jars 
were highly valued, and, together with slaves, were 
the chief riches of the datus. 

EUROPE 

Who taught our forefathers to be Christians ? 
Who taught them to print and to make books ? Who 
taught them to build with stone? Who brought 



Europe 23 

horses here? Why. is it that many people speak the 
Spanish language? Where did coined money come 
from? Can we answer all these questions? Yes. 
Our forefathers learned all these things from the 
people of Europe. 

Did our forefathers go to Europe to learn these 
things ? No, they did not, for they did not even know 
that there was such, a continent. People from Eu- 
rope came here and taught them. Why did not our 
forefathers go to Europe? They never sailed out 
into the ocean very far beyond sight of land. They 
were afraid that they could not find the way back. 
They sailed only from island to island. 

How did the people of Europe find these islands? 
Who were the first to come ? 

The first man who came from Europe to these 
islands was Magellan. Magellan came a long time 
ago. It was about four hundred years ago, in the 
year 1521. 

Do not think that people lived in Europe in Ma- 
gellan's time as they do now. Oh, no! Now the 
cities of Europe are much richer. There are more 
schools and more churches. There are more books 
and more grand buildings. There are more good 



24 Stories of Long Ago 

roads and good streets. There are railroads and 
steamboats. There are gas lights and electric cars. 

There are many won- 
derful things that 
Magellan never saw. 
When Magellan lived, 
the people of Europe 
did not have many 
of these things. But 
even then they were 
the wisest people in 
the world. 

They knew a great 
many things that our 
forefathers did not 
know, and they could 
do a great many 
things that our forefathers did not know how to do. 
It was Magellan who opened the way for our fore- 
fathers to learn from the people of Europe. 




Magellan 



MAGELLAN 



Magellan was the first man who came from Eu- 
rope to these islands. He was a great sailor. He 




Magellan 25 

was born in Portugal in the year 1480. When a boy 
he went to live in the king's palace. He was a page 
and waited on the 



queen. 

The palace was 
in Lisbon. Lisbon 
is on the Atlantic 
Ocean. Many sail- 
ors lived in Lis- 
bon, and many 
ships came there. 
When Magellan 
was thirteen years 
old, he heard about Columbus and his voyages. 

Columbus was the first man to cross the Atlantic 
Ocean. He found America in the year 1492. The 
people of Europe knew nothing about America be- 
fore. They knew only Europe, Northern Africa, 
and Asia. Their ships never sailed across the oceans, 
but went from place to place along the coasts. They 
learned about Asia from traders and travellers who 
travelled by land. No European ship had yet sailed 
in the Indian Ocean or in the Pacific. 

The islands that Columbus first found he thought 



The harbor of Lisbon in Magellan's time 

From an old print 



26 Stories of Long Ago 

were the Indies. We now call them the West Indies. 

By the same mistake Columbus called the people 

of America Indians. 
They are now called 
the American In- 
dians. They are not 
like any of the peo- 
ples of the East In- 
dies. Before Co- 
lumbus found Amer- 
ica, the American In- 
dians had never seen 
white men, and the 
white men had never 




American Indians of to-day 



seen the copper-colored Indians. These Indians lived 
in both North and South America. 

Columbus 'crossed the Atlantic four times. His 
voyages taught the people of Europe that ships could 
cross the great oceans. 

Soon other men crossed the Atlantic. They 
learned that the land found by Columbus was a 
great new world. The two large continents, North 
and South America, thus became known to the peo- 
ple of Europe. 



Magellan 27 

People from Europe began to go to America to live. 
Now America is covered with towns and cities, vil- 
lages and farms, mostly filled by people whose fore- 
fathers came from Europe. 

In the year 1513 a Spaniard named Balboa 
climbed the mountains of the Isthmus of Panama 
and saw the Pacific Ocean. 

Magellan was then a man. The stories told in 
Lisbon about the wonderful voyages of Columbus 
had made him choose a sailor's life. 

The king of Portugal had sent ships around 
Africa into the Indian Ocean. Vasco da Gama dis- 
covered the way in the year 1497. The Portuguese 
ships went to India and the East Indies to trade. 
They went to get spices, precious stones, silks, and 
other things. Magellan went there in the king's 
ships. He became a great sailor. For several years 
he fought for his king against the Moors in the In- 
dian Ocean. At last he was wounded and went back 
to Portugal. 

The king of Portugal did not like Magellan and 
refused to reward him for his great services. Ma- 
gellan became angry at this and decided to leave 
Portugal. 



28 Stories of Long Ago 

The king of Spain also wanted to send ships to 
the East Indies. He wanted most to send ships to 
the Molucca Islands. They are a part of the East 

Indies. It was there that the 
spices grew. The two kings 
were enemies. The king of 
Portugal would not let the 
king of Spain send ships 
around Africa. 

Magellan went to Spain 
to see the king of that 
country. This king was a 
very great and wise king. 
He was called Charles the 
First in Spain, but Charles 
the Fifth in Germany, for 
he ruled a large part of 
that country too. 
Magellan told the king that he could go another way 
to the East Indies. He said that he would cross the 
Atlantic Ocean. He would then find a way through 
America and across the Pacific Ocean. The East 
Indies, he said, were in the western part of the Pa- 
cific Ocean. 





1 ^l 




JP 


HhK^I 




^^Rfc^JH 


II|S|PWBI 


HpPJr-"*" 





Charles V 

After a painting by Titian 



Magellan 29 

No man then knew the way around America. No 
man had ever crossed the Pacific Ocean. King 
Charles thought that Magellan was a very brave man 
to try such a voyage. He gave him five ships and 
about two hundred and seventy-five men to make the 
voyage. 




Map of world, showing Magellan's route 

Magellan sailed from Spain on September 20, 
1519. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean to South Amer- 
ica. Some of his captains quarreled and wanted to 
go home, but Magellan made them go on. One ship 
was wrecked in a storm. 

Magellan found the straits at the southern end of 
South America. His ships sailed through them. We 
call them to-day the Straits of Magellan. There 



30 



Stories of Long Ago 




"Magellan's own ship led the way" 



one false pilot left in the night and took his ship back 
to Spain. 

Magellan entered the Pacific with three ships. 
The men said, "Let ns go back, for we have very 
little food." 

Magellan said, ' ' No ; let ns be brave. We told the 



Magellan 3 1 

king that we would cross the Pacific Ocean. Let us 
cross it, even if we have to eat the leather from the 
masts. ' ' 

For over three months the ships sailed westward 
through the broad Pacific. Magellan's own ship led 
the way, burning a lantern at night for the others 
to follow. Food was very scarce. Each man had 
only a little each day. Finally they really did eat 
the leather from the masts. The water smelled so 
bad that the men held their noses when they drank 
it. Nearly all the sailors were sick. Many died. 
They began to think that the ocean had no end. 

At last they came to the Ladrone Islands. Ma- 
gellan stayed only a few days to get food and water. 
He named them the Ladrone Islands because the 
people stole things from his ship. 

Magellan sailed on toward the west. On March 
16, 1521, he saw the Island of Samar ahead of his 
ship. He did not land on it. He turned his ships 
southward and came to the little islet of Suluan. 
There he anchored for the night. In the morning he 
sailed west to the little island of Homonhon. Here 
Magellan stayed eight days. He took the sick sail- 
ors to land, where they ate fruit and drank fresh 



32 Stories of Long Ago 

water. All the men rested. The sick men were soon 

well. 

The fleet then sailed around the coast of Leyte to 
the Island of Limasaua. On this island Magellan 
met two datus. One was a datu of Limasaua, and 
the other was his brother, whose home was in Min- 
danao. He had come 




to hunt on the is- 
land with the datu 
of Limasaua. 

The datu of Li- 
masaua had long 
black hair which 
hung to his shoul- 
ders. He had a 
silk potong on his 
head and two large 
gold rings in his 
ears. He wore a 
bahaque made of 
cotton and trimmed 

Magellan's route in the Philippines in Silk. At hlS Side 

he carried a sword with a long handle of gold. Ma- 
gellan had a Malay slave for an interpreter, and the 



Magellan 33 

datu understood the Malay language. Thus Magellan 
could talk with him. 

One day Magellan took fifty of his men and went 
ashore to say mass. They all wore fine clothes for 
they wanted to astonish the people. When mass was 
finished all the cannon were fired. This was the last 
day of March in the year 1521. It was the first mass 
said in the Philippine Islands. 

After the mass Magellan built a cross on a hill. 
This meant that Magellan claimed all the islands for 
the king of Spain. 

Magellan stayed in Limasaua one week. He 
wanted to find plenty of food for the rest of his voy- 
age. The datu of Limasaua went in a barangay to 
guide Magellan to Cebu, where, he said, there was 
plenty. The ships sailed north to the coast of Leyte, 
then west around the coast and past the little islands 
north of Bohol. Thus they came to the channel be- 
tween Mactan and Cebu. They anchored in front of 
Cebu on the seventh day of April, 1521. 

The Malay slave went ashore and told the chief of 
Cebu that Magellan's king was the greatest king in 
the world and had sent Magellan across the oceans to 
find the spice islands. Magellan, he said, came as 



34 



Stories of Long Ago 




Magellan making peace with the Cebuans 

a friend and only wanted to trade merchandise for 
food. 

The chief of Cebu sent his nephew and ten other 
men to the ship to make peace. Magellan sat in a 



Magellan 35 

velvet chair. The chief men of the ships sat near 
him. Magellan told the Cebuans about Christianity. 
They said that they wanted to be Christians. Then 
they gave Magellan a present of rice, pigs, goats, and 
fowls. He gave them robes of red and yellow silk, 
red caps, a silver dish, and some drinking glasses. 

Magellan went ashore every day to teach Chris- 
tianity. The people did not understand it very well, 
but a great many were baptized. 

Magellan and the datu of Cebu were now very 
good friends. Magellan wanted to make the datu 
king over all the other datus and people. This new 
king, he thought, would obey the king of Spain. 
Magellan made the chief men promise to call the 
datu king. He gave the new king a velvet chair for 
a throne. He told him to have men carry it before 
him wherever he went. 

Some people in a village near by would not call the 
datu king. Magellan sent men to burn the village. 

Magellan asked a town on the island of Mactan to 
bring him three pigs, three goats, and three loads of 
rice for the ships. The people replied, "We will 
send you two of each. If you do not like that, you 
may do as you please." 



36 Stories of Long Ago 

The people of Mactan were led by datu Si Lapu- 
lapu. This datu did not want to obey the king of 
Spain. Magellan said that he would make him obey. 
He took sixty soldiers and went to punish Si Lapu- 
lapu. 

The Spaniards crossed the channel in boats. 
Many Cebuans went too, but Magellan told them to 
stay in their boats. He wanted to show how well his 
soldiers could fight. The water near Mactan was 
shallow. The boats stopped far from the shore. 
Forty-nine Spanish soldiers waded to the beach. 
They set fire to the town. Si Lapulapu attacked 
them with several hundred warriors. 

The men of Mactan fought with wooden spears, 
stones, and large knives. These weapons did little 
harm for the Spaniards wore steel armor. When 
the people of Mactan saw this, they aimed at the 
Spaniards ' legs for there was no armor on their legs. 

The Spaniards had some clumsy muskets. These 
did not shoot well or very far, and it took a long time 
to reload them. They made noise but did little dam- 
age. Magellan soon saw that his little band could 
not fight so many brave warriors. He told his men 
to* back slowly to the boats, but most of them ran. 




The death of Magellan 



38 Stories of Long Ago 

Magellan, with a few men, stood his ground 
bravely. His helmet was knocked off twice. A 
spear hit him in the face and another in the arm. 
Finally he lost his spear, and while drawing his sword 
he was struck down with a great campilan. He died 
in the shallow water near the shore. This was on the 
twenty-seventh day of April, in the year 1521. 

THE VICTORIA 

The Spaniards now got the ships ready to sail 
away. The datu of Cebu invited them to a fare- 
well dinner. Twenty-eight men went ashore to dine. 
They were attacked, and all were killed. Then the 
ships sailed away. Near the island of Bohol the 
Spaniards burned one of the ships, for there were 
only one hundred and eight men left, which they 
thought were not enough for three ships. 

They visited Mindanao and Palawan, and finally 
found the islands Magellan had sought. One ship 
leaked and could not go on. The other was filled with 
spices and started on the voyage home. She sailed 
across the Indian Ocean, around the southern end of 
Africa, at last reaching Spain. This was the ship 
Victoria. Her captain was Juan del Cano. 



The Victoria 



39 




The Victoria 



Two hundred and seventy-five men had sailed 
with Magellan nearly three years before. Only 
eighteen came home in the Victoria. Seventeen 
others afterwards reached Spain. All the rest had 
died or been killed during the voyage. The Victoria 
had sailed all the way around the world. It was the 
greatest voyage ever made. The Victoria was the 
first ship to sail around the world. 

The honor of this great voyage belongs to Ma- 
gellan. He planned it. He found the way around 



40 Stories of Long Ago 

South America. He was the first to cross the Pa- 
cific Ocean. He was a great and brave man.- But 
even great men make mistakes. The war in which he 
was killed was both wrong and foolish. If he had 
not made this mistake, he might have lived to finish 
his great voyage around the world. 

NAMING THE ISLANDS 

Magellan did not teach our forefathers very much. 
The people of Cebu were Christians only two weeks. 
They learned so little that they soon forgot it. But 
Magellan had made a beginning. He had found the 
islands and had shown the way to others. 

Three other Spanish fleets crossed the Pacific 
Ocean within a few years after the death of Ma- 
gellan. They were all going to the Molucca Islands. 
They stopped m our islands only for food and water. 
The captain of one of these fleets was named Villa- 
lobos. His ships ran short of food and the people of 
Leyte supplied them with rice. This was in the year 
1543. For this kindness the Spaniards thought to 
honor the island by giving it the name of Filipina or 
Philip ina, because the name of their king's son was 
Filipe, or Philipe, now written Felipe. Soon after- 



Weapons of War 4 1 

wards all the archipelago was called Las Philippinas, 
or Las Filipinas. Spelling in those times varied. 
Some Spanish writers spelled the name one way. 
Some spelled it other ways. In later years Filipinas 
was the only spelling used. 




A sixteenth-century knight 



WEAPONS OF WAR 



Here is a soldier of Europe in Magellan's time, 
called a knight. Knights always fought on horses 
and were dressed in steel armor. About a century 



42 Stories of Long Ago 

before Magellan's birth, gun-powder was first used 

in Europe. Before its use was known, the usual 
weapons were pikes, lances, swords, 
battle-axes, and bows and arrows. 
The common soldiers, who fought 
on foot, carried pikes or bows and 
arrows. The knights carried lances, 
swords, and battle-axes. They were 
entirely covered with heavy armor, 
and the horses also wore armor on 
their heads, breasts, and backs. 

When gun-powder first came into 
use the guns were very poor and 
weak, and it was a great many years 

before people learned to make very good guns. For 

a long time a strong bow and arrow was better than a 

gun. By Magellan's time the guns were better 

and could shoot a bullet with 

force enough to enter steel armor. 

Armor was not worn so much 

then. But captains and many 

soldiers still used it, for it saved 

them many wounds from sword 

and spear thrusts. The man's Breastplate 




Suit of armor 




Weapons of War 43 

armor was lighter than it was in former times, and 

the horse usually wore none. 

The armor of the knight in the 

picture is made of steel plates. The 

breastplate is one large, solid piece. 

On his arms and legs are many small 

plates put together like the scales on 

the tail of a lobster, so that the arms 

and legs can move easily. On his hands 

are steel gloves, called gauntlets, and 

on his head a helmet. The helmet could 

be closed in battle, leaving openings 

only for the eyes and for breathing. 

This knight is armed with a sword and 

two big pistols which he carries in hol- 
sters strapped to the shoulders of his 
horse. 

The foot-soldiers of Magellan's time 
were pike-men and musketeers. The 
pike-men were so called from the long 
spear, or pike, which they carried. The 
musketeers received their name from 

the kind of gun, called musket, with which they fought. 

The musketeers also carried swords, which they used 




Sword in scabbard 




Helmet 



44 Stories of Long Ago 

in close fighting, for bay- 
onets were not yet in- 
vented. 

The musket was a large, 
heavy, and clumsy gun. 
It was loaded in a very 
awkward manner. Fas- 
tened to his belt the mus- 
keteer carried two flasks, 
one for powder and the 
other for. leaden balls, or 
bullets. 

On the next page you 

Musketeer marching See the picture of a niUS- 

keteer pouring powder into the barrel of his musket. 
He is pouring it in at the end of the barrel called the 
muzzle. 

Under the barrel of the gun was a ramrod, with 
which a wad of paper or cloth was rammed down the 
barrel on the powder. Then one or more bullets were 
dropped into the barrel and held in by another wad. 
In the lower end of the barrel was a small hole called 
the pan. On to this pan the musketeer poured a little 
powder. When all this slow and clumsy loading was 




Weapons of War 



45 




Pouring in powder 



Loading a musket 



Filling the pan 



done, the musket was ready to be fired. How was 
the powder exploded *? 

The musketeer carried a small burning rope called 
a match -rope, which burned slowly for a long time. 
In the picture of the marching musketeer you can 
see him carrying a burning match-rope in his left 
hand over the butt of his musket. 

When the soldier had aimed his musket and was 
ready to fire, he touched the burning match-rope to 



46 Stories of Long Ago 

the powder in the pan. This flared up, lighting the 
powder in the barrel, and the gun went off. Then 

powder, wads, and bul- 
let must be rammed in, 
and the pan filled, before 
another shot could be 
fired. 

The cannon of those 
times were small and 
were loaded and fired 




Cannon of Magellan's time 



in the same way as the musket. 

Though these weapons seem very poor to us now, 
we must remember that they were terrible in their 
day, because they were better than any other weapons 
which were then known. 

The American Indians were fierce fighters and 
were equal, man to man, to the Spaniards, but the 
latter, aided by gunpowder and armor, easily de- 
feated them. 

So, too, the Filipinos, armed only with spear, 
sword, and bow and arrow, were no match for the 
Spaniards. 




Weapons of War 47 

None of the ancient weapons of the Filipinos have 
been preserved, but we know something abont them, 
and how they were used, from the 
stories told by the Spaniards long 
ago. The most common weapon 
was a short, heavy sword like the 
Moro barong. Every warrior car- 
ried one in his belt. It was his 
constant companion. 

Spears were used for throwing. 
Usually they were short, but in 
some parts of the islands they were 
made quite long. Bows and arrows were used 
in many places. Among the Visayans the 
campilan or large two-handed sword was used. 
The picture shows a 
campilan used by the 

JMorOS tO-day. Moro barong 

For defense the warriors carried large wooden 
shields, and many wore armor made of twisted rope 
and carabao hide. 






Campilan and wooden scabbard 



48 



Stories of Long Ago 




Philip II 

After a painting by Rubens 



LEGAZPI AND URDANETA 

In the year 1556 Philip, 
for whom the Philip- 
pines had been named, 
became king of Spain. 
He was called Philip the 
Second. Philip decided 
to send Spaniards to 
settle in the Philippines. 
He claimed the right to 
rnle the islands because 
Magellan had found them. He wanted also to send 
priests to teach the Filipinos to be Christians, for he 
was a good Christian. Philip believed that it was his 
duty to do this, because Jesus had told his disciples 
to go into all lands and teach the people. 

Philip had a selfish reason also. He wanted to 
rule many lands. Already he was ruler of nearly 
all of South America, of Mexico, of Florida, and 
of the West Indies. He wanted to rule the Philip- 
pines also. He wanted to be the greatest king on 
earth. 
In Mexico, Philip had a ruler called a viceroy. 



Legazpi and Urdaneta 49 

He told the viceroy to send ships and soldiers to the 
Philippines. 

The viceroy chose 
Miguel Lopez de 
Legazpi to com- 
mand the fleet. Le- 
gazpi was a brave 
soldier and a very 
good man. The 
king chose Andres 
de Urdaneta to go 
with Legazpi. 

Urdaneta had 
been a soldier for 
many years and 
had fought in 
many battles in 
Europe. He had 
then become a 
sailor. He had come to the Philippines in one of the 
fleets that followed Magellan, and had sailed on 
around the world. Urdaneta knew all about sailing 
ships, and knew the way to the Philippines. Legazpi 
was not a sailor, so the king was wise in choosing Ur- 




Andres de Urdaneta 



50 Stories of Long Ago 

daneta to help him. Urdaneta was also a priest, an 
Augustinian friar. With him came four other 
priests. 

Four ships were built in Mexico for the voyage. 
They carried one hundred and fifty sailors, two hun- 
dred soldiers, the five priests, and twenty-five ser- 
vants, in all about three hundred and eighty men. 
The ships sailed from Mexico the twentieth day of 
November, 1564. During the voyage one ship 
slipped away and returned to Mexico. On February 
13, 1565, the three other ships reached the coast of 
Samar. 

•All the Filipinos feared the Spaniards. Legazpi 
sailed from island to island looking for friends, but 
found none. He was wise and did not want to make 
enemies. He ordered his soldiers to be kind and 
friendly to everyone. 

Cebu, he' heard, was the island in which food was 
most plentiful. He had sailed around for two 
months and found no friends. 

At last he said, "We will go to Cebu, and if the 
people will not be friendly, we will take the town by 
force. ' ' Legazpi entered the harbor of Cebu, April 
7, 1565. 



Tupas 5 1 



TUPAS 

As soon as Legazpi anchored in the harbor of 
Cebu, he sent a Malay interpreter to ask the chief 
datn of Cebu to come and make peace. A Cebuan 
who came to Legazpi 's ship said that the chief datu 
was Tupas. 

Legazpi said, "I have come to visit Tupas, to give 
him a present, and to make friends with him." 

About two hours later an old Malay from Borneo 
came to the ship. He said that Tupas would come 
that evening. 

Legazpi said, "I will do no harm to Tupas, nor to 
any of his people. ' ' 

Legazpi saw from the ships that the people 
were carrying all their things away from the 
houses. The Spanish soldiers urged Legazpi to 
land at once by force. He waited, but Tupas 
did not come. 

The next day Legazpi sent Colonel Sanz to the 
shore three times to tell Tupas to come to the ships. 
Each time the Cebuans said that he would come. But 
he did not do so. They said this only to gain time. 



52 Stories of Long Ago 

The Spaniards saw them catching their pigs, goats, 
and chickens and carrying them away. 

Still the colonel went a third time to warn Tupas. 
The Cebuans received this warning with shouts and 
shook their lances at the Spaniards. They were bold 
because warriors had come from other villages to 
help them. 

Legazpi's soldiers got into boats to go to the shore. 
All the cannon of the ships were fired at the town. 
Legazpi's cannon were better than those of Ma- 
gellan. When the Cebuans saw the balls hitting the 
houses about them, they turned and ran. When the 
Spanish soldiers reached the shore there was no one 
to fight with. 

Legazpi said, "The Cebuans are the fastest run- 
ners that I have ever seen." 

The Cebuans were not cowards. They had good 
cause to run. They saw that the Spanish guns and 
cannon could kill them at a great distance, while 
their arrows and spears could not be thrown so far. 

Legazpi's men came into the town and made their 
camp there. Only a little food could be found in the 
town. That night Legazpi sent soldiers to a town 
about three miles north of Cebu to get food. They 




Legazpi 



54 Stories of Long Ago 

took away some pigs and goats. Another town also 
was attacked. Three hundred people came out to 
defend it, but fled when the guns were fired. 

At night the Cebuan warriors came up about the 
camp and threw spears at the sentinels from behind 
trees. The Spaniards had to cut the trees down. 
They began also to build a wooden fort. 

The Cebuans were not all of one mind; some 
wanted peace and others war. By night some at- 
tacked the Spaniards and by day others came to make 
peace. People began to come every day to visit the 
camp. Every day some one of them said that Tupas 
would come. 

Finally Tupas came. He and Legazpi promised 
to be friends. They did this in the native way. 
Each one took a little blood from his breast. The 
blood was mfxed together in a glass, of wine. Then 
both men drank a little of the wine. This made the 
promises very solemn and binding. This custom 
was called the blood-pact. 

Legazpi said that he forgave the Cebuans for kill- 
ing Magellan 's men, for the old men who made peace 
with Legazpi had been boys when that had hap- 
pened. 



Tupas 55 

Tupas promised to be loyal to the king of Spain 
and to pay a little tribute to show his obedience. He 
went away saying that he would return in three 
days with the tribute. 

Many of the Filipinos returned to their houses on 
the shore. Five days passed and Tupas did not re- 
turn. The Cebuans said, ' ' Tupas is going among the 
people to collect the tribute. He has very little to 
give, and is ashamed to come. ' ' In fact, Tupas was 
planning to fight the Spaniards, but he could not get 
enough of the other datus to help him. 

At this time a Spanish soldier, who was walking 
alone outside the fort, was killed by some Cebuans. 
Colonel Sanz took some soldiers to a neighboring 
town to punish the people that had killed the soldier. 
He brought back several prisoners. Among them 
were two girls, nieces of Tupas. A few days later 
a messenger came from Tupas offering to pay gold 
to have the girls set free, for it was the native cus- 
tom to ransom prisoners. 

Legazpi said, "I do not want gold. I want the 
relatives of the girls to come and make peace. ' ' 

That day their father, Simaquio, came. He was 
the brother of Tupas. "I will be loyal to the king 



56 



Stories of Long Ago 




In token of obedience" 



of Spain," he said. "Make me a slave if you wish." 
But Legazpi answered, "I do not want slaves. I 

want only peace and friendship." 

Simaquio went away and returned with the son 

of Tupas. Legazpi had been very kind to the girls. 

He now dressed Simaquio, the girls, and the son of 

Tupas in fine clothing. 
When Tupas saw that Legazpi really intended to 



Urdaneta Sails East Across the Pacific 57 

be friendly, lie decided to return to Cebu. On June 
4, 1565, he came with six other datus and fifty of his 
people. Peace was again made. 

Tupas said, "I promise for myself and for my 
children to obey the king of Spain night and day, 
in peace and in war. " 

All his companions promised likewise. On his 
part Legazpi promised to protect the Cebuans and 
to help them fight their enemies. Then Tupas, in 
token of obedience, knelt before Legazpi and kissed 
his hand, and the other chiefs did likewise. Le- 
gazpi then gave them many presents. 
• Legazpi and the Cebuans divided the town into 
two parts, one small part for the Spaniards, and all 
the rest, with the fields, for the Cebuans. Legazpi 
then set the prisoners free. He gave a great feast 
to all the people. Peace had come at last, and he 
was very happy. 

URDANETA SAILS EAST ACROSS THE PACIFIC 

All the Spanish ships that had so far crossed the 
Pacific had either been lost or, like the Victoria, had 
gone on around the world across the Indian Ocean. 



58 Stories of Long Ago 

No ship had yet sailed back across the Pacific to 
Mexico. The winds that blew the ships west would 
not blow them east. A way must be found where the 
winds would blow in the right direction to take the 
ships back to Mexico. A few days before peace was 
made with Tupas, Father Urdaneta set sail in a ship 
to find this way. 

Father Urdaneta sailed farther north in the Pa- 
cific than did Magellan or Legazpi. There he found 
the winds that blew the ships east. After four 
months he saw the coast of Lower California. Sail- 
ing along the coast he came at last to the port of 
Acapulco in Mexico. He made a map to show other 
sailors how to find the way east across the Pacific. 

Urdaneta went across Mexico by land. In the 
Gulf of Mexico he took another ship and sailed 
across the Atlantic to Spain. There he told the king 
all that the Spaniards had done in the Philippines. 
Urdaneta then returned to Mexico, where he died in 
the year 1568. He was then seventy years old. He 
had had a long, busy life. He had studied hard and 
worked hard to do everything well. We should re- 
member Urdaneta as a brave soldier, a wise sailor, 
and a good priest. 



Urdaneta Sails East Across the Pacific 59 




Urdaneta talking to the king 

In the year 1566 the ship San Geronimo arrived 
at Cebu from Mexico. In the year 1568 two other 
ships came, bringing more soldiers and many sup- 
plies. Thus ships began to come and go across the 
Pacific. 



60 Stories of Long Ago 



LEGAZPI AND THE PORTUGUESE 

On the last day of September, 1568, four Portu- 
guese ships came to Cebu from the Moluccas. 

The Portuguese captain said, " All. the East In- 
dies belong to the king of Portugal. These islands 
belong to him also. You have no right to come 
here." 

Legazpi replied, l i I think that these islands belong 
to the king of Spain. I am waiting for a letter from 
my king to tell me what to do here." 

The Portuguese captain said, "If you do not sail 
away, I will take you to the Moluccas in my ships." 

Legazpi answered, "Come and take me if you 
can. ' ' 

After all fhese brave words there was no fighting ; 
for Legazpi was afraid to sail out and fight the Por- 
tuguese ships, and the Portuguese were afraid to 
come near Legazpi 's fort. 

The Portuguese placed ships at each end of the 
channel of Cebu, and stopped all the boats that were 
bringing food. The Cebuans had not planted any 
rice since Legazpi came, because all the people were 



Learning the New Faith 61 

excited about the coming of the Spaniards. The 
Spaniards and the Cebuans had to send to other 
islands for food. The Portuguese closed the chan- 
nel for three months and almost starved both the 
Spaniards and the Cebuans. 

At last on New Year's Day, 1569, the Portuguese 
went away. When they were gone, Legazpi moved 
his camp to the river of Panay, on the island of that 
name. 

"Here," he said, "we can get plenty of rice and 
we can go up into the mountains if the Portuguese 
come again." Only a few soldiers and a priest were 
left in Cebu. 

LEARNING THE NEW FAITH 

While Legazpi was in Cebu the priests were very 
busy. There were now only three left, for one had 
returned to Mexico with Urdaneta. They began to 
teach the people the story of Christ and the truths 
that Christ had taught. They had the children of 
the chief men come to their house. The children 
learned more easily than the old men, because they 
had no other beliefs in their heads. 



62 



Stories of Long Ago 




Martin de Kada 



One of the nieces of Tupas was the first to be bap- 
tized. She was christened Isabela. An old man 
who was about to die was baptized. He got well at 
once. The people said that it was a miracle. Also 
the Malay from Borneo, who was a Mohammedan, 
was converted from his false faith to the true one. 

A great many people began to come to be baptized. 
The friars desired to teach them first how they must 
live after they became Christians. In order to teach 
well the friars learned the Visayan language. Father 
Martin de Rada made a dictionary of the Visayan 
language in Spanish. 



Manila Long Ago 63 

In the year 1568 Tupas and his son were baptized. 
More and more people then wanted to be baptized, 
for all the people respected Tnpas and wanted to fol- 
low his example. 

When Legazpi went to Panay, Friar Jnan de Alba 
began to teach in the valley of the Jalaur. He built 
a church at Dumangas. Martin de Rada remained 
in Cebu. Alonso Jimenez, the other priest, went to 
the southeastern part of Luzon, now called Albay. 

MANILA LONG AGO 

When the Spaniards came Manila was, as it is 
now, the largest town in the islands. It looked very 
different then. Only wood, bamboo, or nipa was 
used for building houses. The town lay wholly on 
the south bank of the Pasig. Along the river ran a 
palisade in which were mounted a few cannon. The 
Tagalogs had just learned to make cannon. 

Chinese junks came to Manila to trade. They 
brought silk thread, silk cloth, cotton cloth, plates, 
bowls, clay pots, and porcelain jars. Only the datus 
and other rich people could buy these things. The 
Manila men traded rice, gold, and wax for them, and 
then carried them to the other islands to trade. 



64 Stories of Long Ago 

Manila boats also went to Borneo and to other 
islands south of the Philippines. It was in Borneo 
that the Manila men learned to make cannon. 

A few of the people of Borneo were Mohammedans. 
The Borneans taught some Filipinos their religion. 
The Spaniards called the Mohammedans Moros. 
Wherever the Spaniards went in the Philippines they 
found a few Moros. But there were only a few, and 
they knew very little of the new religion. About 
all that they knew of it was not to eat pork, for Mo- 
hammedans do not eat pork. They could not read the 
Koran, which is the Bible of the Mohammedans. 

Some of the people of Manila had become Moham- 
medans. They called their datus rajahs, because 
the rulers in Borneo had that name. The two chief 
datus of Manila were Rajah Soliman and his uncle, 
called Rajah Matanda, or the old rajah. The Span- 
iards called Soliman a king, but he was not a king. 
There were many other chiefs in Manila, and in all 
the towns near-by there were chiefs. As Soliman 
was the richest and strongest chief, the other chiefs 
respected him, but they did not call him king. 

Across the Pasig from Manila was the town of 
Tondo. The chief datu of Tondo was Lacandola. 



The First Voyage to Luzon 65 

The land about Manila was well tilled. Around the 
bay were many towns. The region about Manila 
was the richest in the islands. The people were the 
most advanced of the Filipinos. 

THE FIRST VOYAGE TO LUZON 

Legazpi had been in Panay about a year, but he 
was not satisfied. He wanted to find a better place 
for his camp. He had heard of Manila while he was 
in Cebu. Boats had come there from Manila to trade 
with the Spaniards, but no Spaniard had yet gone 
to Manila. Legazpi decided to send Goyti there. 
Goyti was now colonel, for Colonel Sanz had died. 

Colonel Goyti sailed from the river of Panay on 
the eighth day of May, 1570. He had a large Chi- 
nese junk, a small Spanish ship, and fifteen baran- 
gays. He took with him ninety Spanish musketeers, 
twenty Spanish sailors, and many natives of Cebu 
and Panay. His chief helper was Legazpi 's grand- 
son, Juan de Salcedo, who was only twenty-one 
years old but was already a brave captain. 

This strange fleet sailed north to Mindoro. After 
stopping there several days, it went on north to the 



66 



Stories of Long Ago 




" Suddenly many arrows came flying from the 
bamboo thicket on the bank" 



Gulf of Balayan. Goyti anchored the junk in front 
of the town of Balayan. The people of Balayan were 
friendly and paid a tribute in gold. 

Salcedo entered a beautiful river. It was very 
narrow and straight. It was the Pansipit, which 
flows down to the Gulf from Lake Bombon. Near the 
mouth of the river was a town, but all the people had 
fled from it. 

The boats rowed up the river between high banks. 



The First Voyage to Luzon 67 

No people were seen. Suddenly many arrows came 
flying from the bamboo thicket on the bank. Salcedo 
was hit in the leg. The soldiers fired their muskets 
at the hidden bow-men. No more arrows came. 
The Spaniards said that the bullets were pills and 
that the bow-men did not like such medicine. 

Salcedo saw that it was dangerous to go further, 
so he turned back to the town. The Spaniards got 
out of the boats and went on foot to find the people 
of the town. They found them in a broad plain 
ready to fight. The people of the town began shoot- 
ing their arrows rapidly. The Spaniards replied 
with bullets. Naturally the Filipinos ran. The 
Spaniards ran after them into the town and killed 
forty people. Then they went out of the river and 
joined Goyti at Balayan. 

The junk and other boats sailed out of the Gulf 
of Balayan and turned north along the coast. One 
afternoon they came to a great bay. It was Manila 
Bay. 

A native of Manila, named Mahomat, had come 
with Goyti as a guide. He had gone many times to 
Cebu and Panay to sell rice to the Spaniards. He 
had become a Christian. When the boats entered 



68 Stories of Long Ago 

the bay, Mahomat guided them to Cavite, where there 
was a safe place to anchor. 

A few days later Goyti's fleet sailed for Manila. 
It entered the Pasig River. Goyti sent Mahomat 
to Soliman to ask him to come and make peace. Soli- 
man replied that he would meet Goyti on the bank 
of the river. Goyti landed with the Spanish sol- 
diers. He first met Rajah Matanda, who seemed 
very friendly. Soon Soliman came. He was very 
haughty. 

He said, "The Manila men are not like the Ce- 
buans. We will not pay tribute. We will repay 
with death the least dishonor done us." 

Goyti replied kindly. He said, "The Spaniards 
want to be friends. We want to trade with you." 

Soliman was not satisfied. He did not want the 
Spaniards In Manila. He was very proud and did 
not want to be ruled by the Spaniards. He wanted 
to fight and drive them away. 

The other Manila men were uncertain. They 
could not decide. Should there be peace or war? 
The Spanish soldiers stood on the river bank. Their 
muskets were ready. All day their match-ropes were 
burning. At night they went back to their boats. 



The First Voyage to Luzon 69 

The next day Goyti went again to see Soliman. 
Soliman said, " We will pay no tribute." 

Goyti answered, " I have asked for none." 

Still Soliman was not satisfied, for he knew what 
had been done at Cebu. He knew of the fight on the 
Pansipit River a few days before. He knew that 
Balayan had paid tribute. He decided to give battle. 
He waited only for a rain which he hoped would 
put out the Spanish match-ropes, and make the 
muskets useless. 

But the fight began before a rain came. The 
Spaniards saw some boats coming in from the bay. 
They thought that they were coming to help Soliman. 
They fired a cannon at the boats. Soliman 's men 
thought that the Spaniards had begun to fight. They 
fired their cannon at Goyti 's junk. Two balls hit it, 
but no one was hurt. 

The battle was short. The Tagalog armor of cara- 
bao hide and twisted rope would stop arrows but 
not bullets. The Spaniards were great soldiers in 
those times. They broke into the palisade. Their 
muskets and cannon seemed terrible. The Manila 
men saw that they had no chance to win. They 
turned and ran. The Spaniards set fire to the town. 



70 Stories of Long Ago 

Now that Goyti had captured Manila, he did not 
know what to do. He had only a few men. If he 
sent any "back to Panay he would not have enough 
to hold the town. He decided to return with all his 
men to Panay. 

GOVERNOR LEGAZPI GOES TO MANILA 

Three ships came from Mexico to Panay while 
Gloyti was in Luzon. They brought many more 
Spaniards and some letters from the king. The king 
made LegazpL governor of the Philippine Islands, 
for he wanted Legazpi to stay and rule them for him. 
He told Legazpi to build some Spanish towns and 
settle the Spaniards in them, for he thought this 
would make it easier to rule the country. 

Legazpi sent fifty soldiers to Cebu to live. He 
named Cebu "The City of the Most Holy Name of 
Jesus," but that name was too long, and we still call 
it Cebu. 

The next year Legazpi set out for Manila with all 
the rest of his men. They sailed in several ships and 
barangays. There were two hundred and thirty 
Spanish soldiers and many Visayan warriors. The 



Governor Legazpi Goes to Manila 



71 




Lacandola welcomes Legazpi 

great fleet sailed into Manila Bay and across to the 
month of the Pasig. 

The Manila men saw the fleet coming and knew 
that they could not fight so great a force. They re- 
membered the Spanish mnskets and cannon. 

Lacandola, chief of Tondo, came out in a small 



1 



72 Stories of Long Ago 

boat to welcome Legazpi. He said, "Soliman and 
Rajah Matanda want to be friends also." . 

Legazpi said, "Have the two rajahs come, and I 
will treat them as sons. I am sorry that there was 
a fight last year. I want to make peace." 

The next day Legazpi entered Manila. All was 
peace and friendship. 

Houses were soon built for the Spaniards. A 
wooden fort was built where the palisade had been. 
A convent and church were also begun. These were 
all built of wood. It was a few years later that the 
first stone houses were built. 

Legazpi set about pacifying other towns. How 
were towns pacified? Legazpi would send soldiers 
to a town. They would ask the people of the town 
to be friends, to call the king of Spain their king 
and to pay 'a little tribute. If the people did these 
three things, they were called friends. If they re- 
fused, the soldiers made them do what was asked. 
Then the soldiers said that the town was pacified. 

The poor people and the slaves were glad to have 
the Spaniards come. They had to work very hard 
for their masters and the datus. The tribute asked 
by the Spaniards was less than the work that they 



Salcedo Punishes Caintd 73 

had to do for the datus. Many datus also welcomed 
the Spaniards, for they wanted the Spaniards to 
protect them from their enemies. 

Thus many towns welcomed the Spaniards as 
friends. Some wanted to fight. Bnt the muskets 
were so terrible that they did not fight long. Goyti 
went into Pampanga and Bnlacan and pacified many 
large towns. 

SALCEDO PUNISHES CAINTA 

Up the Pasig River a few miles was the town of 
Cainta. Perhaps it was just where it is now. Cainta 
then had about one thousand people. Around it 
grew a tall bamboo thicket. It had a palisade and 
a few little cannon. 

The chiefs of Cainta came to Manila. They prom- 
ised to be friends. But when they saw how few the 
Spaniards were> they changed their minds. Perhaps 
they had not seen the soldiers shoot. When they 
went home they sent a messenger to Legazpi. 

The messenger said, "The warriors of Cainta are 
brave. Her fort is strong. Keep your soldiers 
away." 



74 Stories of Long Ago 

Legazpi did not answer. He waited a month. 
"Let them change their minds again," he said. 

They did not change their minds again. 

"Well, then," said Legazpi, "Salcedo shall go and 
destroy their town." 

Salcedo went up the river with one hundred mus- 
keteers. The Cainta men thought that Salcedo would 
attack from the river side, but he surprised them. 
He landed most of his men below the town and sent 
them by land to the other side of it. There the pali- 
sade was weak, and the Spaniards rushed in. 

The Cainta men fired their little cannon, killing 
two Spaniards. One Cainta man thrust his spear 
through a Spaniard's coat of mail. Inside the pali- 
sade the Spaniards killed four hundred men and 
women. Then they cut down the bamboo thicket and 
the palisade. 

Thus was Cainta punished. 

EXPLORING LUZON 

Soon after punishing Cainta, Salcedo led his sol- 
diers around the shores of the Laguna de Bay. Many 
towns surrendered peaceably. 



Exploring Luzon 75 

At Bay he heard of a town called Paracale where 
there were mines of gold. The Spaniards loved gold 
more than anything else in the world. So Salcedo 
set out to find Paracale. Leaving most of his men 
at Bay, he marched through the rough mountains 
of the country now called Tayabas Province. Sick 
and worn out by. the hard journey, he and his men 
finally reached Paracale. No word from them came 
back to Manila for many days, and Legazpi thought 
that Salcedo was dead. He would have died, had not 
the governor sent men to help him back. 

Nearly all the southern part of Luzon had now 
been explored, but the Spaniards knew nothing of 
the northern part. Salcedo offered to explore this 
unknown country. With forty-five men he sailed 
north from Manila on the twentieth day of May, 
1572. 

On the third day he reached Cape Bolinao, the 
most northern point of the country now called 
Pangasinan Province. There he came upon a Chi- 
nese junk that had taken captive some Zambales. 
Salcedo set the captives free, and they were so happy 
that they gladly promised to obey the king of Spain. 

Salcedo continued north along the coast to Cape 



76 Stories of Long Ago 

Bojeador on the far northwestern coast of the island, 
entering all the bays and rivers that he passed. He 
wanted to go on to the Cagayan River, but his men 
were too tired, so he sailed back to Vigan. 

The people of Yigan gave him a friendly welcome. 
He decided to build a Spanish town there, in order 
to rule the surrounding country. He set the people 
to work cutting timber to build a fort and some 
houses. 

While this work was being done, Salcedo sailed 
north again with seventeen companions. He rounded 
Cape Bojeador and reached the Cagayan River. He 
sailed up the river, finding many large villages on 
its banks. 

Salcedo now formed the bold plan of sailing down 
the east coast of Luzon and returning to Manila by 
whatever way he might find. For three hundred 
miles he sailed along a rocky coast, seeing no villages 
or any other sign that the country was inhabited. At 
last he came to a bay that he had seen on his journey 
to Paracale. He then knew where he was. A short 
journey by land brought him to the Laguna de Bay. 
This he crossed in a small boat and went down the 
Pasig to Manila. 




Monument to Legazpi and TJrdaneta, on the 
Luneta in Manila 



Exploring Luzon 77 

Salcedo had been entirely around 
the big body of Luzon. A year later 
he sailed south from Manila and 
passed along the southern coast of 
^\ Luzon to the Camarines. Thus he 
explored almost the whole coast of 
Luzon, but it was many years be- 
fore the Spaniards knew much 
about the great central regions of 
northern Luzon. 

While Salcedo was away ex- 
ploring northern Luzon, his grand- 
father Legazpi died in Manila, 
August 20, 1572. 

Legazpi's death was a great loss 
to the islands, for he had been a 
wise ruler and his work was only 
begun. He was patient and kind, 
and used force only when pa- 
tience and kindness failed. 
Many of the Spanish gover- 
nors who followed him 
were not nearly so wise. 
We ought to remembei 



78 Stories of Long Ago 

him as the first and probably the best of the Spanish 
rulers. His body lies buried in the Augustinian 
Church in Manila, and on the Luneta stands a fine 
monument erected in memory of him and Father 
Urdaneta. 

LI-MA-HONG 

When the Spaniards had been in Manila three 
years, they were almost driven out by a Chinese pi- 
rate named Li-ma-hong. There was no wall around 
Manila then. There were no stone houses and only 
a little wooden fort. 

Li-ma-hong had robbed many merchant ships on 
the coast of China. He had collected a great fleet of 
sixty-two junks and had more than a thousand men. 
The emperor' of China had sent war-junks to cap- 
ture him, and he had sailed across the China Sea to 
escape. North of Luzon Li-ma-hong captured a 
Chinese merchant junk that was on its way from 
Manila. 

The merchants said to him, ' ' There are few Span- 
iards in Manila to defend the city, for many have 
gone to other parts of the Islands. ' ' 



Li-ma-hong 



79 




A Chinese trading-junk 

From an old print 

When Li-ma-hong heard this, he decided to try to 
capture Manila. "I will be a king there," he said, 
"and rule all the Islands." 

He sailed secretly into Manila Bay and sent six 
hundred men to land at night just south of the city. 
He wanted to surprise it before daylight. The winds 
blew from the land, however. It was nine o'clock 
in the morning before the Chinese reached Manila. 
This made it difficult for Li-ma-hong to surprise the 
Spaniards. 

A part of the Chinese carried muskets. The 
others carried long pikes and battle-axes. As they 



80 Stories of Long Ago 

came along the beach the first house that they saw 
was the home of Goyti. The colonel's wife was 
standing at the window. She saw the great danger. 
She knew that the Chinese were stealing into the 
city to take the fort before the Spanish soldiers 
learned that they were there. To frighten them she 
cried out, "If you enter the city, you will all be 
killed." 

The Chinese captain asked one of the merchants 
whom he had captured, "Whose house is that?" 

"That is the Spanish colonel's house," the mer- 
chant replied. 

The Chinese captain then cried, "Let us capture 
the colonel ! " At once the Chinese threw fire-bombs 
on the house. The nipa roof took fire. Colonel 
Goyti was shot in the arm. The house was burning 
rapidly, and he leaped into the street. Fighting 
bravely, he was killed by the Chinese. They also 
stabbed his wife in the neck and took her rings 
from her fingers. Good soldiers never rob or injure 
women. Only pirates or robbers do that. 

They left her for dead, but the good lady got well 
afterwards. She was the heroine of Manila, for the 
delay at Goyti 's house gave time to warn the Span- 



Li-ma-hong 81 

ish soldiers that the pirates were coming. She had 
probably saved Manila from the Chinese. 

The soldiers ran to the beach and fired at the Chi- 
nese from behind the houses. Eighty Chinese fell. 
The rest were not brave enough to face the Spanish 
bullets and retreated to their boats. They returned 
to the fleet which was at Cavite. 

Li-ma-hong was very angry and called his men 
cowards. Yet he might easily have captured the 
city if he had gone himself to fight and had taken 
more of his soldiers. He wasted a whole day at 
Cavite before he attacked Manila again. 

Meanwhile the Spanish soldiers were working 
hard, building a palisade of barrels and boxes filled 
with sand. They mounted their cannon along the 
beach. In the night Juan Salcedo arrived with fifty 
soldiers. He had been in Vigan, where he saw the 
Chinese fleet pass. He thought that it was coming 
to Manila, and, like a brave captain, he started at 
once to the aid of the city. 

The third day, before daylight, the Chinese junks 
sailed to Manila. Spreading out like a huge bow, 
they sailed toward the beach. The Chinamen were 
firing their cannon and shouting noisily. About one 



82 



Stories of Long Ago 




'■ Eighty Chinese broke into the fort" 



thousand of them landed. They separated into three 
parties. One party went along the beach, another 
through the principal street, and the third along the 



Pasig. All attacked the fort. 



Eighty Chinese broke into the fort. The Span- 
iards almost lost it. The battle turned at last in 
their favor, but they were not strong enough to keep 
the Chinese from escaping. 



Van Noort and Morga 83 

The pirates got back to their junks and sailed 
away. They left the city in ruins. The churches 
and many houses were burned to ashes. 

The day of the first fight with the Chinese was 
Saint Andrew's Day in the year 1574. Since then 
that day has been a day of celebration in Manila. 
We are still glad that Li-ma-hong did not become 
king of the Philippines. 

Li-ma-hong sailed to the Lingayen River in Pan- 
gasinan. There he built a fort. Governor Lavesares 
sent Salcedo with a large number of Spaniards and 
Filipinos to drive him out. 

Salcedo burned all the Chinese junks and shut 
Li-ma-hong up in his fort for four months. But Li- 
ma-hong was cunning if not brave. He had his sol- 
diers build several small boats inside the fort. One 
day he escaped down the river with many of his men, 
and crossed the sea toward China. What became 
of him we do not know. 

VAN NOORT AND MORGA 

In the northwestern part of Europe lies the little 
country called Holland. The people of Holland are 



84 Stories of Long Ago 

called the Dutch. A long time ago the Dutch were 
ruled by Spain. They fought many years to be free 
and at last gained their freedom. Most of the bat- 
tles of the long war were fought in Europe, but on 
our side of the world there were a few battles be- 
tween the ships of the two countries. The story of 
one of those battles is a good one. 

Van Noort was a great Dutch sailor. He sailed 
from Holland with a small fleet in the year 1598. He 
crossed the Atlantic Ocean and passed through the 
Straits of Magellan. He sailed up the coast of 
South America and captured many Spanish ships 
that belonged to the Spanish towns on that coast. 

Van ISToort lost three ships and many men. His 
voyage was as long as the voyage of Magellan. In 
October of the year 1600, he reached the Strait of 
San Bernardino. He burned several villages on the 
coast near the strait and captured several boats. 
The last of November he anchored near Punto de 
Fuego, a short distance from the entrance to Manila 
Bay. 

Van Noort did not dare to attack Manila, for the 
great stone wall had been finished seven years be- 
fore, and Manila was a very strong city. Van 



Van Noort and Morga 85 

Noort 's ships lay in waiting at the mouth of the bay 
to capture the merchant ships that came in and out. 

The Spaniards in Manila feared that their trade 
would be destroyed by the terrible pirate, as they 
called Van Noort. Governor Tello ordered some 
ships to be made ready to drive him away. A fa- 
mous judge named Antonio de Morga was made 
commander. Cannon were put on two large ships 
at Cavite. The bravest soldiers in Manila, among 
them many noble and rich men, offered to go in the 
ships. In all there were about three hundred men. 

Morga sailed in the ship San Diego; Captain 
Alcega commanded the other, which was named the 
San Bartolome. 

Van Noort had only two ships left and less than 
one hundred men. The two Spanish ships were very 
large for those times. One Dutch ship was about 
the same size, while the other was very small. The 
little Dutch ship was called the Concordia and was 
commanded by Captain Biesman. 

On the morning of December 14, 1600, Morga 
sailed out of the bay to find Van Noort. 

The Dutch ships raised their anchors. Their guns 
were ready for battle. The Concordia, with only 



86 



Stories of Long Ago 




: Swiftly they sailed side by side ' ' 



twenty-five men and boys, sailed out to sea, for Van 
Noort wanted one of the Spanish ships to sail after 
it, while he fought the other. 

The San Diego sailed bravely in to get alongside 
the large Dutch ship. Both were firing all their can- 
non. Swiftly they sailed side by side. When near 
enough, Morga 's men threw out hooks and bound the 
ships together. This was called grappling the en- 
emy's ship. Thirty Spanish soldiers leaped on to the 
deck of the Dutch ship. The Dutch hid under the 



Van Noort and Morga 87 

deck at the bow, shooting through loop-holes at the 
Spaniards. 

Morga called to the Dutch to surrender. Van 
Noort saw the San Bartolome coming up to grapple 
his ship on the other side. He offered to surrender. 
The Spanish soldiers cried out, "Victory! Vic- 
tory!" When Captain Alcega heard this cry, he 
sailed on after the Concordia. 

Van Noort then began fighting again because he 
thought he could defeat the one ship, San , Diego. 
For six hours the two ships fought. The Spaniards 
fired their muskets every time they saw a Dutchman, 
and the Dutch continued to .fire at the Spaniards 
through the loop-holes. All the time the cannon of 
the two ships were firing, for the cannon were below 
decks. 

A Dutch cannon ball at last tore a hole in the San 
Diego below the water line. The Spanish ship began 
to fill with water. At the same time the Dutch ship 
began to burn. 

Morga 's men ran back into their own ship, carry- 
ing the Dutch flag with them. 

"Escape, your Grace, for the ship is sinking!" the 
soldiers cried to Morga. 

"No," he shouted, "I will stay and die if need be." 



88 Stories of Long Ago 

All was confusion. Some of the Spanish soldiers 
seized the small boats and rowed away. 

Others ran to throw off the hooks that bound their 
ship to Van Noort's. They thought that they could 
reach the Island of Fortun, three miles away, before 
the ship sank. 

A Jesuit priest called to them to stop. "Where is 
your courage'?" he cried. "If you must die, die like 
soldiers. Board the Dutch ship! If we lose one 
ship, we will gain another." 

But they threw off the hooks. All this time the 
Dutch cannon were firing. Suddenly the San Diego 
lurched forward and went down. A great many of 
the Spanish soldiers were drowned. The rest saved 
their lives by swimming to the Island of Fortun. 
Morga swam for four hours and reached the island, 
still carrying the Dutch flag. 

Meanwhile Captain Alcega had sailed after the 
little Dutch ship and easily captured her. He took 
her with nineteen prisoners to Manila. 

When the San Diego sank, Van Noort's men put 
out the fire in their ship and sailed away. The ship 
was broken and torn by the Spanish balls. Only 
forty-eight Dutchmen were alive in her. 



Van Noort and Morga 89 

Van Noort was a great captain. He soon repaired 
his ship and sailed on around the world. He reached 
home about a year later. He is the great hero of the 
Dutch sailors. 

Six of the prisoners taken from the Concordia 
were boys. They were put into the Manila convents 
to serve the priests. The thirteen other prisoners 
were put to death. 

In those days the Protestants and Catholics were 
very cruel to each other. The Dutch were Protes- 
tants, and the Spaniards were Catholics. That was 
one reason that they fought the long war. They 
both forgot that the others were Christians and wor- 
shipped the same God. Each thought that the other 
would never get to heaven. 

The Manila priests tried very hard to have the 
thirteen Dutchmen believe in the Catholic way be- 
fore they died. Twelve did so, but Captain Biesman 
died a Protestant. 

"He was the most stubborn man I have ever seen," 
said one of the Spaniards. 

The twelve who became Catholics were put to 
death, but they were buried in the cemetery. Poor 
Biesman 's body was cast into the sea. 



90 



Stories of Long Ago 




WILD CARABAOS 



In all the islands there were large numbers of 
wild carabaos. The Spaniards shot them with guns. 
The guns were very weak, and sometimes a carabao 
was not killed even by a dozen shots. If it was not 
killed by the first shot ? the hunter had to hide while 
he was loading his gun again, for the carabaos were 
very fierce. 

Our forefathers captured and tamed the wild 
carabaos. Poles were driven in the ground to make 
a strong corral with an opening left for a gate. Two 
long lines of men spread out from the sides of the 
gate in the form of a letter Y. Each man carried a 
palm branch. Other men went to find a herd of the 
wild animals. Running and shouting, the men drove 
the carabaos into the V. 



Wild Carabaos 91 

The carabaos ran here and there, frightened by 
the shonts and the waving palm branches. Little 
by little they were driven forward between the lines. 
At last they entered the corral. 

There the men caught and tied them. Each one 
was put into a little pen so small that the carabao 
could hardly move. There the poor beast stayed for 
about two weeks without any food. When it became 
too weak to stand, a man would come with a bit of 
grass. The wild carabao had to eat from the man's 
hand or die. 

In three weeks more it became tame enough to let 
the man scratch its back. An iron ring was put into 
its nose. It could be led and ridden by the man who 
tamed it. It was gentle toward him but fierce toward 
anyone else. 

To-day carabaos are domestic animals and are very 
useful. If they are gently cared for when they are 
calves, they grow up to be gentle. If they run wild, 
they become almost as wild as they were long ago. 




92 



Stories of Long Ago 




CROCODILES 



Long ago there were many more crocodiles in the 
rivers and lakes than there are now. They often 
pulled men from bancas and bit the horses and cara- 
baos that went into the water to drink. Sometimes 
they caught people who were bathing. Often pens 
were built in the water to bathe in. 

Sometimes crocodiles were caught. A piece of 
meat was put on a large iron hook, which was fas- 
tened to a strong rope and thrown into the water. 
When the crocodile bit and was caught on the hook, 
many men pulled it out of the water. Others beat 
it with large clubs until it was dead. Sometimes a 
very brave man would dive into the water and stab 
a crocodile in the belly. 

A brave chief in Samar once did that. A crowd of 
people stood upon the river bank to watch him. 



Watching for Ships 93 

With a large knife in his hands he dived into the 
water beneath the crocodile. The animal sank in 
the water. The crowd saw nothing but the water 
whirling, for the crocodile was slashing it with its 
great tail. The water turned red with blood. The 
people feared that the chief was killed, but he was 
stabbing the crocodile in the belly. 

Soon the chief came up shaking the water from his 
hair. The great body of the dead crocodile floated 
in the water. The chief swam to the shore. He was 
not hurt except for a few scratches. The people 
pulled the crocodile to the shore. From the end of 
its nose to the tip of its tail it measured over twenty 
feet. 

It was such brave men as this chief that the people 
liked to have for their rulers and leaders. 

WATCHING FOR SHIPS 

In early times people on the Island of Corregidor, 
at the mouth of Manila Bay, kept watch for ap- 
proaching ships. "When they saw one coming, they 
sailed out near it to see what kind of a ship it was. 
Then they built fires on Corregidor to tell the people 



94 Stories of Long Ago 

of Manila that a ship was coming and the kind 
it was. 

If it were a Chinese ship, one fire was built; if a 
Portuguese ship from Macao, two ; if a ship from the 
East Indies, three; and if a Spanish galleon from 
Mexico or Spain, four fires were built. 

When the fires were built, a small boat set out rap- 
idly for Manila to tell the officials all that the watch- 
men had learned about the coming ship. By the 
time the boat had reached Manila, the ship was al- 
ready in the bay. 

In our day a watchman in a high tower on the 
Island of Corregidor watches the sea through a sea- 
glass. He can see a ship many miles away. A tele- 
graph line goes through the water to the shore and 
along the shore to Manila. On this wire the watch- 
man sends a message to Manila, telling in a minute 
about the coming ship, while it is still far out at 
sea. Thus the coming of a ship is known many hours 
sooner in our day than it was in early times. 






The Mountain of Gold 95 



THE MOUNTAIN OF GOLD 

One day in the month of March in the year 1603, 
a cohimn of smoke was seen rising from the Island 
of Corregidor. People in Manila who saw the 
smoke knew that a Chinese ship was coming. Soon 
a boat arrived from the island with the message, 
" Three great Chinese mandarins are coming." 

Mandarins are Chinese noblemen. They are usu- 
ally very rich. They dress in silk and satin of many 
bright colors and richly embroidered. They have 
many servants, and when they go out, they ride in 
sedan-chairs carried on men's shoulders. 

The three mandarins landed in Manila and were 
carried in their chairs to the palace of the governor. 
The chairs were of gilded wood and adorned with 
ivory. A few* Chinese soldiers marched with them, 
carrying flags and plumes. 

The mandarins entered the hall of the palace, 
Governor Acuha bowed to them. They knelt down 
and touched their foreheads to the floor. It is thus 
that the Chinese bow. 

Through an interpreter the mandarins said to the 



96 Stories of Long Ago 

governor, "You see this Chinaman here whom we 
bring as a prisoner bound in chains. His name is 
Tiongong. He told our emperor that near Manila 
there is a mountain of gold. It is called Kavit. He 
said that he had seen it with his own eyes and that 
if he has not told the truth we may kill him. He said 
that the mountain belongs to no one, and so our em- 
peror has sent us to see it." 

The governor was astonished at this strange mes- 
sage. He thought that the Chinese were too wise to 
believe that there was a mountain of gold, especially 
one that nobody claimed. He feared that the man- 
darins had come as spies and that others would 
come soon in great force to capture Manila. So he 
told the mandarins to go to Cavite to look for the 
mountain and then to go home at once. 

When the mandarins came to Cavite they asked 
Tiongong, "Is this the place where" you saw the 
mountain of gold?" 

"Yes," he answered. 

"We do not see the gold," said the mandarins. 

"Everything here is gold," Tiongong told them. 

"Where?" asked the mandarins. 

"Here, all around us," he replied. 



The Mountain of Gold 



97 




The mandarins at Cavite 



At last Tiongong said that he meant to tell the 
emperor of China that the Filipinos and Spaniards 
had much gold and great riches ; and if the emperor 
would give him ships and men, he would capture the 
country and bring home a mountain of gold. 

The mandarins took a basket of earth from Cavite 
and soon afterwards sailed away home. 



98 



Stories of Long Ago 



THE CHINESE REBELLION 




The Parian Gate 



The visit of the man- 
darins was a puzzle to 
the people of Manila. 
"Why did "they come?" 
every one was asking. 
"Did they really come 
to spy ? Are they com- 
ing again to attack Ma- 
nila ?" 



The governor and the priests, the soldiers and the 
citizens talked about it all the time. 

There were a great many Chinese in Manila. Just 
outside of the Walled City there was a Chinese 
town and market. It lay east of the city and south 
of the Pasig. This Chinese town and market was 
called the Parian. Here lived the merchants. The 
gate of the Walled City that once led to the Parian 
is still called the Parian Gate. In Binondo, north 
of the Pasig, there were many Chinese also, and 
some lived in other parts of the islands. 

Most of the Chinese were fishermen, stone-cutters, 



The Chinese Rebellion 99 

charcoal-burners, porters, masons, and day laborers. 
Some were farmers and raised vegetables to sell. 
The better class were merchants. They were rich 
and sold silks and satins and everything else that 
was sold in those times. 

The Spaniards began to say that the mandarins 
had come to get the Chinese of Manila to rise in re- 
bellion. Some bad men among the Spanish and na- 
tive soldiers called the Chinamen dogs and traitors 
and robbed many of them. The poor Chinamen be- 
came afraid. They thought that they were going 
to be killed, so they began to prepare to fight. 

A rich Chinamen named Eng-kang desired to lead 
the Chinese against the city. He had been baptized 
and had been very friendly to the Spaniards. He 
began secretly to ask other Chinamen to rebel. 

Eng-kang was very cunning. He wanted to find 
out how many Chinamen would rebel. So he asked 
each one to bring him a needle. Every man who 
was ready to rebel brought one. Eng-kang put them 
all in a box. Finally when he counted the needles, 
he saw that he would have a large number of soldiers. 
He had his men build a small fort near Tondo, and 
two thousand Chinamen gathered there. 



1 00 Stories of Long Ago 

On the eve of Saint Francis' Day, Eng-kang went 
to Governor Acuna to tell him that the Chinese had 
rebelled and were collecting across the river. He 
was like a thief playing honest. He wanted to be 
sure of a pardon for himself if the Chinese were de- 
feated. Governor Acuiia thought that he was a 
traitor and put him in prison. 

That night the Chinese attacked the village of 
Quiapo, killing some of the people and burning the 
houses. In Binondo the Christian Chinese and many 
Filipinos gathered in the church and convent for 
safety. Over two hundred Spanish soldiers crossed 
the Pasig to Binondo. A few went to the Binondo 
church to guard it. Don Luis Dasmarinas led one 
hundred and forty into Tondo to fight the Chinese, 
who had taken the stone church for a fort. About 
noon of Saint Francis' Day the Spaniards drove the 
Chinese out of Tondo. Don Luis called to his men 
to follow him and led them in rapid pursuit of the 
Chinese through some bamboo thickets. Suddenly 
the Spaniards found themselves surrounded by the 
Chinese, who had been hiding there. With clubs, 
swords, and battle-axes the Chinese beat down the 
Spaniards. Only four escaped. 



The Chinese Rebellion 1 1 

The next day the Chinese marched to the Walled 
City, burning everything in their path. They at- 
tacked the gates, but the Spaniards fonght bravely 
and drove them off with cannon and muskets. 

On the morning of the next day, which was the 
fourth day of the battle, the Chinese came with 
scaling-ladders to climb the wall. There was another 
fierce fight, but the Chinese were again driven off. 

So far there had been no warships in the river, for 
all the fighting ships had gone to the Visayas. Now 
Captain Gallinato came up the Pasig in a war 
galley. He fired his cannon on the Chinese, killing- 
many and setting fire to the Parian, where the Chi- 
nese had their camp. 

On the sixth day the Chinese gave up the attack 
upon the city. There had been about four thousand 
Chinamen fighting. After the first day the Chinese 
became sure that all the Spaniards would 
be killed, for there were only about seven 
hundred Spaniards in Manila. 
Fear of the rebels 
made many of the 
peaceful China- 
men join them. 




1 02 Stories of Long Ago 

The Chinese retreated up the Pasig River and 
along the shore of the Laguna de Bay, burning towns 
as they went. The Spaniards and many Filipinos 
pursued them. Each day a great many Chinese were 
killed. At last the Chinamen fled to the mountains 
of Batangas and Morong, where nearly all the rest 
were killed. Only two hundred remained alive, and 
those were made galley-slaves. 

It was a short war, but none was ever more cruel. 
Many innocent and peaceful people were killed on 
both sides. The fighting and killing lasted about a 
month. It was a terrible month. We wonder how 
people could be so cruel. 

HOW OUR FOREFATHERS LEARNED NEW THINGS 

Our forefathers were taught the Christian re- 
ligion by Spanish priests who went into all parts of 
the islands. Everywhere churches were built, first 
of wood and later of stone. 

The priests learned the native languages and 
preached in these languages. They wrote in these 
languages little books which told the chief things 
about Christianity. Such a little book was called the 



How Our Forefathers Learned New Things 103 
Doctrine. Doctrine means the chief beliefs. Every- 
where the people memorized the Doctrine. Usually 
they could not be bap- 
tized until they had 
learned what was in 
this little book. 

S ometimes the priests 
sent boys along the 
streets in the evening 
to sing the Doctrine. 
People sang it while 
they worked in the 

fields. It is no WOnder Church at Paoay, Ilocos Norte 

that they became Christians very rapidly. 

In some places the priests had schools where they 
taught children to read and write. They taught the 
children to sing and to play musical instruments. 
Boys were taught to help at mass and to sing in the 
churches. 

But these schools were very few, and books were 
very scarce. Only a very few people learned to read 
Spanish in those days, and only religious books were 
printed in the native languages. It was not from 
books that our forefathers learned new things. Most 




104 



Stories of Long Ago 




The Cathedral of Manila 

of the new things were learned by seeing and doing. 

When the people of a town bnilt a chnrch under 
the direction of a priest, they learned many things. 
They learned how to make lime, how to mix it with 
sand to make mortar, and how to lay stone in build- 
ing a wall. They learned better ways of building 
with wood also. 

The building of every church and convent was a 
lesson in the art of building, which the priests had 
learned in Europe. The best example of that art in 
the Philippines is the great Cathedral of Manila. It 




How Our Forefathers Learned New Things 105 
is almost as fine as many of the grand churches of 
Europe. 

The Spaniards 
built roads through 
the islands, so that 
the rulers could 
travel more easily 
and traders could 
carry grain and 
merchandise from 
one part to an- 
other. Horses were 
brought by the Spaniards from Mexico and China. 

Bridges had to be built to cross the streams. Be- 
fore the Spaniards came, the most common bridges 
had been made by laying one or two bamboo poles 
across the stream. 

Such a bridge could be used only by people on foot. 
After the Spaniards came, larger bridges of bamboo 
and other wood were built across the smaller streams. 
Across the large rivers stone bridges were built in 
later years. The finest stone bridge in the islands is 
the Bridge of Spain in Manila. It is not many years, 
however, since it was built. 



"After the Spaniards came larger bridges 
of bamboo were built " 



1 06 Stories of Long Ago 

Thus it was that our forefathers were seeing and 
doing and learning new things. In the same way 

that they were 
learning some- 
thing about build- 
ing houses and 
churches, roads 
and bridges, they 
were, learning to 
do many other 
things also. 




he Bridge of Spain 



STRANGE BELIEFS 

Our forefathers had many strange beliefs. We 
should not be surprised at that, for people every- 
where are much wiser now than they were hundreds 
of years ago. Even the people of Europe had many 
strange beliefs then. 

A Spanish soldier was on guard on the wall of Ma- 
nila one night. He fell asleep at his post, which was 
a very bad thing for a guard to do. When he woke 
up, he found himself in the City of Mexico, on the 
other side of the Pacific Ocean. He walked about 
the streets of Mexico, carrying his gun and asking 



Strange Beliefs 1 07 

the people what place it was. The Spaniards said 
that the devil had carried him away. Perhaps the 
soldier dreamed that he was in Mexico, and told his 
dream so many times that at last he believed he had 
really been there. 

Our forefathers believed in omens. If men or 
women started to go anywhere and a rat or snake 
crossed their path, they returned home at once. That 
was a bad omen, they said. If they met a man who 
sneezed, that also was a bad omen, and if they went 
on, something evil would happen to them. 

Our forefathers believed in charms. They thought 
that these charms would protect them. They called 
them anting-anting. Sometimes a man wore a croco- 
dile's tooth or a wild hog's tooth about his neck. 
When he had this charm on, he believed that he 
would not be killed while hunting. In battle he 
thought that the enemy's arrows would not hit him. 

Our forefathers also believed in witches. The 
witch was usually an ugly old woman. People be- 
lieved that if she looked with angry eyes at a boy or 
girl, the child would get very sick. A little black twig 
was then put between the child's fingers. The twig, 
they said, was charmed and would make the witch 



1 08 Stories of Long Ago 

come to the house where the child lay. When the 
people saw the witch, the child would get well again. 

A chief in Lobo, Bohol, had several jars full of 
charms. A Jesuit priest came to his house and called 
in all the men, women, and children of the village. 

"Let us destroy these charms," he said. 

"No," cried the people, "if we touch them, we shall 
die." 

"Let us throw them into the river," said the 
priest. 

"No," the people cried, "the crocodiles will be 
angry. They will eat us. ' ' The people believed that 
the crocodiles were evil spirits. 

The priest said, "You believe foolish things." 
He threw the jars on the floor and broke them. 
The charms were only animals' teeth, shells, and 
twigs. The;f did not hurt anybody. When the peo- 
ple saw that they were harmless, they laughed at 
their foolish beliefs. The boys stamped with their 
feet upon the charms, for they were afraid of them 
no more. 

In another place was a bamboo thicket which the 
people said was charmed. They said that any man 
who cut a tree there, or even broke a twig, would die. 



Law 109 

"Come," said a priest, "I will show you how 
foolish is this belief. ' ' Taking a large knife, he cut 
down several trees. 

When the people saw that the priest did not fall 
dead, they too said, "We have believed a foolish 
thing." 

To-day these beliefs seem very strange. We are 
wiser. We do not fear trees and twigs, shells, and 
dead animals' teeth. We do not believe in omens 
or witches. 

LAW 

In the early days, there were three classes of 
people, the chiefs, the freemen, and the slaves. We 
have seen that the chief was the ruler of his little 
village, and the leader in war. In a large town, 
there were as many chiefs as there were villages, or 
barrios. 

The chiefs were the judges. Wrong-doers were 
brought before them for trial and punishment. The 
laws were not written, they were old customs which 
were told from father to son. If there was a dispute 
about the law, the wise men of the town were asked 
to say what the custom was. 



1 1 Stories of Long Ago 

A thief was punished by a fine if he stole a thing 
worth less than twenty pesos. The fine was divided 
between the judges and the man from whom the 
thing was stolen. If the thing stolen was worth 
more than twenty pesos, the thief became the slave 
of the man from whom he stole. When a thief was 
fined, his family had to help pay the fine. If they 
conld not pay it, they all became slaves. If a thief 
stole three times, he conld be put to death. 

If the thief was a chief, he could be fined, but 
could not be made a slave. In many other ways, 
the chiefs were treated better than the common 
people. The people had to pay great respect to 
them. Anyone who talked against a chief or spoke 
angry words to him, could be put to death. But the 
chief could let him either pay a fine or become a 
slave instead. 

The Spaniards gave the people new and better 
laws. The laws have been growing better ever since. 
Now we have no chiefs and no slaves. The judges 
now treat all the people alike. 



The Volcano of Taal 1 1 1 

THE VOLCANO OF TAAL 

A long time ago the town of Taal was not where 
it is now. It was then at the upper end of the 
Pansipit River, where the river runs out of Lake 
Bombon. Lake Bombon is a large body of water 
several miles across. On an island in the lake is a 
great volcano. Flames arose all the time from its 
crater. The wind blew the heat and flames into the 
town, and all the land was parched. The rice and 
grass dried up. 

Soon after the Spaniards came to Luzon, a priest 
went to Taal, and many people became Christians. 
A convent and church were built. By and by a 
Spanish father named Albuquerque became priest 
there. He was a very pious man and loved the 
people. He saw how the volcano destroyed the 
grass and rice, and he wanted to save the people 
from this terrible enemy. 

One day he built an altar at the foot of the vol- 
cano. He asked all the people of Taal to march in 
a procession to the altar. He said mass there and 
prayed that the volcano might die forever. 

This was done in the year of 1572. Another priest 




H 



The Volcano of Taal 1 1 3 

came there in the year 1630. "No fire or smoke has 
yet been seen, ' ' he said. ' ' The island where the vol- 
cano is has green fields with cows grazing on them, 
and the people of Taal sow and reap good harvests. ' ' 
The people thought that the volcano would never 

injure them again. 

But many times since the volcano has sent up fire 

and smoke and thrown stones and ashes on the houses 

and lands about it. 

In the year 1754 the people of Taal found the 
mountain very much alive. One night they were 
awakened by loud noises like the firing of cannon. 

"What is the matter?" they asked in alarm. 

"The island has burst," cried one. 

It was the volcano exploding. Streams of red-hot 
lava flowed down its sides into Lake Bombon. 
Clouds of steam arose from the lake. Stones and 
fire shot from the crater. For six months the volcano 
kept throwing up now smoke or fire, now stones or 
ashes. 

Near the end of that time it threw up ashes in great 
clouds. All day and all night ashes rained down upon 
the houses and lands. They lay five inches thick upon 
the ground and upon the roofs. Cinders were carried 



114 



Stories of Long Ago 




Taal Volcano 



by the winds to Manila thirty miles away. The sky 
was black, and day was dark as night. All the build- 
ings in Taal were broken down, and a few people were 
buried in the.ruins. 

Taal had been the capital of Batangas Province, 
but now that the town was ruined the people were 
afraid to live near the volcano. They built their 
houses at the other end of the Pansipit River near 
the sea. Thus the new town of Taal was created, 
and the old town still lies buried in ruins. The 
capital of the province was moved to Batangas, which 
is the capital to-day. 



War with the Moros 



115 




123 Ea« L<mgi>u<i. VI* 



Mindanao, showing distribution of tribes 



WAR WITH THE MOROS 



The people of Mindanao and Jolo, like other Fili- 
pinos, are Malays. Some of them are Mohamme- 
dans and were called Moros by the Spaniards. They 
learned this religion from some people of Borneo. 

The Moros inhabit the Jolo Archipelago and, in 
Mindanao, the western and southern coasts and the 
.country on the Grand River and about Lake Lanao. 



1 16 Stories of Long Ago 

The Moros differ from other Filipinos not only in 
religion but in language and customs also. 

On the northern and eastern 
coasts of Mindanao and on the Bu- 
tuan River the people are Chris- 
tians. A great many of them are 
Visayans. 

The other parts of Mindanao 
are inhabited by barbarous tribes 
who still observe their native cus- 
toms. 

The Moros have always been 
very warlike. In former times 
Moro warrior ^hey of ten attacked the villages on 

the coasts of the Visayas and sometimes those of the 
northern islands. They always came in great fleets 
of swift-sailing prahus, with more than a thousand 
warriors. When they approached a town, all the 
people fled inland, leaving their homes. 

The Moros carried away everything that they 
wanted, and usually burned the town and destroyed 
the fruit-trees and growing grain. This was the Moro 
way of making war, but nowadays this kind of war 
would be called a pirate raid. 





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War with the Moros 



117 




Fleeing from the Moros 

Once the people in a town on the coast of Bohol 
were all in the chnrch. The priest was saying mass. 
Suddenly a man ran in, shouting, " The Moros ! The 
Moros are coming ! ' ' Every one ran from the church 
and fled to the mountains without stopping to get 
anything from their houses. 



1 1 8 Stories of Long Ago 

When the Moros took prisoners, they often carried 
them off to Mindanao or Jolo and made slaves of 
them. Men, women, and children were sometimes 
carried away. It was terrible to be taken so far away 
from home and to be made a slave among strangers. 

FIGUEROA 

A Spanish captain named Rodriguez de Figueroa 
asked the king to let him conquer the Moros of Min- 
danao. He offered to pay the soldiers himself and 
to furnish the ships. As a reward he asked to be 
made governor of Mindanao. The king granted the 
request and promised to make Figueroa governor. 

In February, 1596, he sailed from Manila with 
several ships and two hundred and fourteen Span- 
ish soldiers." Many Filipinos went also. The fleet 
entered the Grand River of Mindanao, where a 
friendly Moro chief of the town of Lumaguan joined 
Figueroa with several hundred warriors. Up the 
river they all went to attack the town of Buhahayen. 
The chiefs of these two towns were enemies. 

While they were marching toward Buhaha} r en, a 
hostile Moro sprang from a bamboo thicket and 



Figueroa 1 1 9 

struck Figueroa on the head with a campilan. He 
fell to the ground and died the next day. Thus his 
hopes of being governor came quickly to an end. 

Captain Ronquillo was sent from Manila to take 
Figueroa 's place. He had a great battle with the 
people of JBuhahayen and about a thousand warriors 
that had come from the Molucca Islands to help 
them. Ronquillo defeated all his enemies and 
gained a great victory. But his soldiers had no food, 
and he thought that he could not hold the country 
on the Grand River. So he sailed out of the river 
and crossed the sea to Zamboanga, where he built 
a fort. Here Ronquillo left Captain Pacho with a 
few soldiers and returned to Manila. 

Captain Pacho attacked Jolo and was killed. 
Governor Tello called the soldiers back to Manila. 
So the first attempt to conquer the Moros failed. 




1 20 Stories of Long Ago 



CAPTAIN GALLINATO'S ATTACK UPON JOLO 

The Moro datus, Silonga and Sali, collected fifty 
pralius and three thousand well armed men. In July 
of the year 1599 they sailed along the coasts of Cebu, 
Negros, and Panay, bnrning many villages. They 
carried away eight hundred captives. 

The next year many thousand Moros came in 
seventy boats. At Iloilo one thousand Filipino bow- 
men and seventy Spanish musketeers bravely de- 
fended the fort and drove the Moros away. 

Two years later Governor Tello sent Captain Gal- 
linato to punish the Moros of Jolo. Gallinato was 
given two hundred Spanish soldiers, ships with many 
cannon, and food for four months. He was sure 
that he could capture Jolo in four months. Many 
Filipinos went in the fleet, as was usual, to row, to 
build forts, and to fight if needed. 

The warriors of the island of Jolo were all gath- 
ered in the chief town, which was on a high hill. 
Only two narrow paths led up to it, and those were 
guarded by palisades and cannon. There were no 
women or children in the town, for they had been 



Captain Gallinato' s Attack upon Jolo 121 




Charging up the hill 

sent to another island. Thus the town was like a 
fort, with only warriors in it. They were armed with 
muskets, spears, and swords, all ready for battle. 

Gallinato marched his soldiers into a plain at the 
foot of the hill. About a mile and a half from the 
town he made his camp, mounted cannon from the 
ships, and dug trenches. If Gallinato had had can- 
non such as are used to-day, he could have shot all 
the houses off the hill at that distance. But his can- 
non did not shoot so far. 



1 22 Stories of Long Ago 

Very soon he needed them to defend his camp. 
Abont a thousand warriors came running down the 
hill and attacked the camp. The Spaniards saw 
them coming, bnt they did not fire until the Moros 
were almost in the trenches. All the cannon and 
muskets were then fired at once. So many Moros 
were killed that the rest turned and ran back. 

The Spaniards ran after them half-way up the 
hill. Then the Moro cannon were fired, and great 
stones were rolled down the hill upon the Spaniards, 
so that they too were driven back. 

After that fight the Moros were afraid to attack 
the camp again, and the Spaniards were afraid to 
mount the hill. Rains came. Gallinato's men fell 
sick. Food was very scarce. He sent to Manila for 
more men. After a long delay a few came, but by 
that time Gallinato was glad to have them help his 
little army away. 

Thus another attempt to conquer the Moros failed. 

MORE RAIDS 

Soon the Moros came north to make more raids. 
It was said that nine hundred people were carried 



More Raids 123 

off from the Visayas in one year. In the year 1635 
Governor Corcuera built a new fort at Zamboanga. 
He fought many battles with the Moros and defeated 
them many times. But 
he did not conquer them. 

The Moros continued to 
make raids every few 
years. Sometimes they 
came .as far north as 
Manila Bay. Once they 
burned the shipyard at 
Cavite. Many people 
were carried off from 
their homes. Houses 
were burned. Harvests 
were destroyed, and thousands of people were made 
poor and miserable. 

The Spaniards often sent ships to fight the Moros, 
but the Moros usually sailed away and escaped. 
Sometimes there were battles, and the Moros were 
defeated, for when the Spanish ships caught the 
Moros, they easily destroyed their boats with cannon. 

The Spaniards did not have enough ships and sol- 
diers to guard all the coasts. All that the people 




Tower used in watching for the 
Moros 



1 24 Stories of Long Ago 

could do was to run away inland where the Moros 
would not follow them. Towers were built on the 
coasts, and guards kept watch to warn the people. It 
was not until the Spaniards used steam warships that 
they were able to stop the raids. The steam warships 
were faster than the Moro prahus. They could over- 
take them and break the prahus to pieces. 

An American, Robert Fulton, made the first steam- 
boat in 1807. Soon many steamboats were made, and 
after a time warships were driven by steam. 

Steamships have many uses. The best use of them 
in the Philippines was to stop the Moro raids. 




A steam battle-ship of to-day made of steel and iron 



Commerce Long Ago 



125 




A Spanish galleon 

COMMERCE LONG AGO 

There was much more trade with China after the 
Spaniards came than there had been before. Every 
year many junks came loaded with silks, satins, em- 
broideries, and other costly things. 

The Chinese merchants were allowed to keep 
stores in Manila. The Parian, as we have seen, was 
built for them. There the merchants had their 
stores and lived in the rooms above. 



126 Stories of Long Ago 

The chief products of the islands were then rice, 
wax, wine, gold, cloth, and deerskins. A tribute was 
paid to the king by every grown man. At first it 
was one peso, or eight reals, but soon it was raised 
to ten reals. This could be paid in money or in 
products. Usually it was paid in products. That 
is, rice, wax, or other things equal in value to ten 
reals were given. Sometimes the collector made the 
people give their products at too low a price. Then 
after he had paid the king's share, he had some left 
for himself. Thus the people were robbed. 

A great deal of the products paid as tribute was 
traded to the Chinese for silks and other things. 
Every year the king sent two galleons loaded with 
Chinese merchandise to Mexico. Not only the mer- 
chandise of the king but that of other Spaniards was 
carried in these ships. The Spanish merchants, 
many officials, and even the priests sent some. 

In Mexico it was sold for silver money. What was 
not sold was sent to Spain, for the rich people there 
were anxious for silks and other curious things. 

The galleons then returned to Manila with the 
silver. Part of this silver was paid to the Chinese 
for more goods, but a great deal went into the Span- 



Commerce Long Ago 1 27 

iards' pockets. Many of them became very rich. 
The king's share of the silver was paid to the gov- 
ernor and spent for building ships and forts, paying 
soldiers, and doing other things. 

The king allowed no merchandise to be sent from 
Manila to Mexico or Spain except in his galleons. 
Galleons returning from Mexico brought soldiers, 
priests, and other people who came out from Spain. 

Sometimes the galleons were wrecked in storms. 
Sometimes they were captured by pirates like Van 
Noort. These were great losses, for every galleon was 
filled as full as possible. 

It took five months for a galleon to cross the Pa- 
cific. It often took a year for a letter to go by way 
of Mexico from Manila to Spain. Sometimes the 
governor wrote to ask the king, "May I build a fort, 
or some new ships V And it would be two years be- 
fore a reply would come. 

To-day cables cross the Atlantic and Pacific 
Oceans. A message can be sent across the Pacific by 
cable in a few minutes. Any great event that hap- 
pens in Europe is known here in a few hours. 

Great steamships now cross the Pacific in two or 
three weeks. On the Atlantic there are faster ships, 



1 28 Stories of Long Ago 

that go from New York to Europe in five or six days. 
Instead of two ships a year, now not a day passes 
that a ship does not arrive at Manila from some part 
of the world. And many come each year to our other 
seaports. It is not Chinese goods that they come 
for now, but coffee, sugar, copra, hemp, tobacco, and 
other things which we ourselves produce. 




One of the largest steamers in the world 

The Caronia which crosses the Atlantic Ocean in five 
days and can carry 3,000 people 



■mmuSm 0F CONGRESS 





